Production, Consumption, Export and Carbon Emission for Coal Commodities: Cases of Indonesia and Australia

The contribution of this study is to analyze the impact a series economic activities from coal commodity on carbon emission. This research specifically focuses exporting countries in Asia Pacific, including Indonesia and Australia during period 2000 2022. purpose investigate influence between production, consumption export its determinants, also effect applies simultaneous equation approach panel regression. main findings are that consumption, export, technological innovation price have positive significant production. Furthermore, domestic income investment while has negative effect. Then, production stock Finally, commodities contribute increasing We recommend analyzed implement energy control addressing emission at global level.